International Approaches for Deep Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste
Geological Challenges in Radioactive Waste Isolation
Fifth Worldwide Review
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Cover, Title Page, Disclaimer, Copyright, Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION
Introduction
1Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2Sandia National Laboratories
Chapter 2. BRAZIL
Radioactive Waste Management in Brazil Including Spent Fuel
1Waste Management Department, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, 2State University of Rio de Janeiro
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Brazilian Nuclear Program
2.3 Classification of Radioactive Waste in Brazil
2.4 Radioactive Waste Management Regulations, Laws and Conventions in Brazil
2.5 Main Aspects of the Brazilian Waste Disposal Law 10 308/2001
2.6 Financial Compensation Model for Radioactive Disposal Sites
2.7 Final Waste Disposal Facilities for Environmental Protection
2.8 Management of Spent Fuel
2.9 Waste Management Considerations in Brazil
2.10 Site Selection Regulation for near Surface Repositories for LLW
2.11 Participation of the Scientific Community
2.12 Communication and Involvement of Society
2.13 Conclusions
2.14 References
Chapter 3. BULGARIA
Site Selection Approach to Geological Disposal of High-Level Waste in Bulgaria
Geological Institute of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology of Preliminary Site Selection Analysis
3.3 Conclusions
3.4 References
3.5 Acronyms
Chapter 4. CANADA
Progress Towards Long-Term Management of Used Nuclear Fuel in Canada
Nuclear Waste Management Organization, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Adaptive Phased Management
4.3 Siting Process
4.4 Optimizing Repository Designs
4.5 Further Increasing Confidence in Safety
4.6 International Collaboration
4.7 Conclusions
4.8 References
4.9 Acronyms
Chapter 5. CHINA
Geological Disposal Program for High Level Radioactive Waste and the Plan for the Underground Research Laboratory in China
Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, China National Nuclear Corporation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Long-Term Plan for High Level Radioactive Waste Disposal
5.3 Plan for China’s Underground Research Laboratory
5.4 Progress in Site Selection and Site Characterization
5.5 Progress in Engineered Barrier Studies
5.6 Progress in Rock Mechanics Studies
5.7 Conclusions
5.8 Acknowledgments
5.9 References
5.10 Acronyms
Chapter 6. CZECH REPUBLIC
Progress of the Czech Deep Geological Repository Program
1Správa úložišť radioaktivních odpadů, Czech Republic, 2Consultant
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design
6.3 Siting
6.4 Underground Research Facilities
6.5 Research
6.6 International Cooperation
6.7 Role of the Public in the Decision-Making Process Regarding DGR Siting
6.8 Conclusions
6.9 References
6.10 Acronyms
Chapter 7. FINLAND
Towards Implementation of the Spent Nuclear Fuel Repository in Finland
Posiva Oy, Olkiluoto, Finland
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Progress
7.3 Development of Technology and Disposal Concept
7.4 Construction License Application
7.5 Next Steps
7.6 References
7.7 Acronyms
Chapter 8. FRANCE
Progress Towards Geological Disposal of High-Level and Intermediate-Level Long-Lived Radioactive Waste at an Industrial Scale: The Cigéo Project in France
ANDRA, French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency
8.1 Legal Process and Developments of the Cigéo Project
8.2 Communications and Integration to the Territory
8.3 Acknowledgments
8.4 References
8.5 Acronyms
Chapter 9. GERMANY
Current Status of Nuclear Waste Disposal in Germany
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover (BGR)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Radioactive Waste in Germany
9.3 Political Background and Institutional Framework
9.4 National Disposal Facility Projects
9.5 German R&D Activities
9.6 Conclusions and Outlook
9.7 Acknowledgement
9.8 References
9.9 Acronyms
Chapter 10. HUNGARY
Current Status of Geological Disposal Projects in Hungary
Public Limited Company for Radioactive Waste Management (PURAM)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 National Radioactive Waste Repository
10.3 Siting Program for a Deep Geological Repository
10.4 References
10.5 Acronyms
Chapter 11. INDIA
Host Rock Characterization, In-Situ Experiments, Numerical TMH Simulations and Natural Analogue Studies in Indian Deep Geological Disposal Programme
Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, India
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Conceptual design
11.3 Experimental set up
11.4 Some Important Indian Host Rocks
11.5 Development of Engineered Barrier System
11.6 Natural Analogues
11.7 Conclusions
11.8 Acknowledgements
11.9 References
Chapter 12. JAPAN
Progress in Geological Disposal Program in Japan
1Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan (NUMO), Tokyo; 2Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai; 3Radioactive Waste Management Funding and Research Center (RWMC), Tokyo
12.1 Introduction
12.2 National Nuclear Policy and Legal Framework
12.3 Siting Activities and Public Relations
12.4 Technical R&D Programs
12.5 Concluding Remarks
12.6 References
12.7 Acronyms
Chapter 13. LATVIA
On Interdisciplinary International Approach in Geological Disposal in Latvia
Radiation Safety Centre of the State Environment Service (Latvia)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Most Significant Aims of Multilevel Stakeholder Involvement
13.3 An Extended Concelt of the Stakeholder Framework
13.4 A Possible Approach to Stakeholder Interaction on International Scale
13.5 Multilevel Confidence Building of Stakeholders in Nuclear Activities
13.6 Conclusions
13.7 References
Chapter 14. LITHUANIA
Approach to Disposal of Radioactive Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel in Lithuania
Lithuanian Energy Institute, Kaunas
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Low and Intermediate Level Waste
14.3 Spent Nuclear Fuel and Long-Lived Waste
14.4 Conclusions
14.5 References
14.6 Acronyms
Chapter 15. MEXICO
Mexico’s Plans for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste in a Deep Geological Repository
1National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ); 2Ministry of Energy (SENER); 3National Commission of Nuclear Safety and Safeguards (CNSNS); 4Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant, Federal Electricity Commission (CFE).
15.1 Background
15.2 Present Legal Framework
15.3 The National Policy for the Management of Radioactive Waste
15.4 The Plan for the Definitive Disposal of High-Level and Long-Lived Radioactive Wastes
15.5 Types of Waste Considered for Disposal
15.6 Waste Volume Estimates
15.7 Expected Characteristics of the Geological Formations and Repository
15.8 Repository Design
15.9 Process for Site Selection
15.10 Establishment of an R&D Plan
15.11 Acknowledgments
15.12 References
15.13 Anonyms
Chapter 16. SLOVAKIA
Development Of The Slovak Deep Geological Disposal – Status In 2015
1ret. (Nuclear and Decommissioning Company (JAVYS), Plc., Bratislava); 2State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr, Bratislava; 3ÚJV Řež, a.s., Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic; 4PC&G, Ltd, Bratislava
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The Preliminary Design Stage (1996-2001)
16.3 The Interim Stage Between 2002 and 2012
16.4 Recent Developments
16.5 References
Chapter 17. SLOVENIA
Slovenian Approach to Strategy and Planning for High Level Waste and Spent Fuel Deep Geological Disposal
ARAO – Agency for radioactive waste management, Ljubljana, Slovenia
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Strategic planning for spent fuel and high level waste disposal
17.3 Dual-Track approach
17.4 Multinational repository references and planning
17.5 National repository planning
17.6 Future plans and conclusion
17.7 References
17.8 Acronyms
Chapter 18. SOUTH AFRICA
Radioactive Waste Disposal in South Africa in 2015: Status and Research and Development Strategies
1School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; 2South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pretoria, South Africa
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Sources of Radioactive Waste in South Africa
18.3 Research and Development at Vaalputs
18.4 Acknowledgments
18.5 References
18.6 Anonyms
Chapter 19. SPAIN
Geological Disposal of Spent-Fuel and High-Level Waste in Spain
Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radiactivos, S.A. (ENRESA), Madrid
19.1 Introduction
19.2 R&D Activities Performed (2006-2014)
19.3 Conclusions
19.4 References
19.5 Acronyms
Chapter 20. SWEDEN
Licensing of the KBS-3 Concept for Spent Nuclear Fuel in Sweden
SKB, Sweden
20.1 Background
20.2 Spent Nuclear Fuel
20.3 Short-lived Waste
20.4 Long-lived Waste
20.5 Conclusions
20.6 References
20.7 Acronyms
Chapter 21. SWITZERLAND
Swiss Geological Studies to Support Implementation of Repository Projects: Status 2015 and Outlook
Nagra, National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste
21.1 Background and Historical Evolution of Radioactive Waste disposal in Switzerland
21.2 The Repository Concepts
21.3 The Site Selection Process and a Geological Basis for Nagra’s Proposals
21.4 Geological Studies at the URLs—the Grimsel Test Site and the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory in Switzerland
21.5 International Collaboration
21.6 References
21.7 Acronyms
Chapter 22. UNITED KINGDOM
The Status of Geological Disposal in the UK
University of Birmingham
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Inventory for Disposal
22.3 Preparations for Siting
22.4 Working with Waste Producers
22.5 Science and Technology
22.6 Working with the Regulators
22.7 Key Challenges
22.8 Next Steps
22.9 Acknowledgments
22.10 References
22.11 Acronyms
Chapter 23. UKRAINE
Geological Disposal Of Radioactive Waste in Ukraine: Background, Status, and Future Steps
1National Academy of Sciences; 2State Agency of Ukraine on the Exclusion Zone Management; 3National operator for radioactive waste disposal (SSE CERWM).
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Legislative and institutional framework
23.3 Ukrainian inventory of RAW considered for geological disposal
23.4 History of developments
23.5 Current status of the national geological disposal program
23.6 Main challenges and conclusions
23.7 References
Chapter 24. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Research & Development Program for the Used Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposition in the United States
U.S. Department of Energy
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Goals of the UFDC R&D Program
24.3 Disposal Environment Options
24.4 Summary – Used Nuclear Fuel Management
24.5 Cited References
24.6 Acronyms
Chapter 25. MULTINATIONAL GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL FACILITIES
Arius Switzerland
25.1 Introduction
25.2 The Bigger Picture
25.3 Strengthening the Documentary Basis
25.4 Progress in Europe
25.5 2016: Australia Takes the International Lead
25.6 Elsewhere in the World
25.7 Arius: Moving the Concept Forward
25.8 The Next Ten Years
25.9 Acknowledgements
25.10 Acronyms